Tutorial: Migrating from MySQL to PostgreSQL

Learning Objectives and Outcomes

By the end of this tutorial, you will be able to:

• Understand the key differences between MySQL and PostgreSQL.
• Prepare your MySQL database for migration.
• Use tools and scripts to facilitate the migration process.
• Verify the integrity and functionality of the migrated database in PostgreSQL.

Prerequisites and Setup

Before you begin, ensure you have the following:

• Intermediate SQL knowledge: Familiarity with SQL queries and database concepts.
• Database administration experience: Basic understanding of database management systems.
• Software setup:
  • MySQL server installed (version 5.6 or later).
  • PostgreSQL server installed (version 9.6 or later).
  • Migration tool: pgloader, which simplifies the migration process. You can install it via package managers (e.g., apt, brew) or from source.

Step-by-Step Instructions with Examples

Step 1: Assess Your MySQL Database

Examine your existing MySQL database for:

• Data types used
• Stored procedures and functions
• Triggers
• Indexes
• Foreign key constraints

Step 2: Prepare the Migration

1. Export Data from MySQL: Use mysqldump to export your database:

   mysqldump -u username -p --no-create-info your_database > your_database.sql
   

   This command creates a file containing the data.

2. Convert the SQL Dump: MySQL and PostgreSQL have different syntax, so you need to convert the dump file. Use pgloader for this:

   pgloader mysql://username:password@localhost/your_database postgresql://username:password@localhost/your_new_database
   

   This command will automatically handle the conversion and migration of data.

Step 3: Verify the Migration

After migration, check:

• Data Integrity: Compare row counts between the two databases.
• Data Types: Ensure that data types are correctly mapped.
• Functionality: Run a few sample queries to verify that the data behaves as expected.

Step 4: Adjustments and Optimization

• Review indexes and constraints after migration, as some may need adjustment.
• Consider using PostgreSQL features like JSONB or Array types for better data handling.

Key Concepts Explained Along the Way

• Data Types: Understand that MySQL's TINYINT, DATETIME, and TEXT have different counterparts in PostgreSQL.
• SQL Syntax: Familiarize yourself with differences in SQL syntax between the two systems, particularly in functions and operators.
• Stored Procedures: PostgreSQL uses PL/pgSQL, which may require rewriting your MySQL stored procedures.

Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

• Ignoring Data Type Differences: Ensure data types in MySQL are compatible with PostgreSQL.
• Not Testing: Always perform a test migration on a subset of data to identify potential issues.
• Overlooking Configuration: Pay attention to PostgreSQL's configuration settings, especially around performance and resource allocation.

Exercises and Practice Suggestions

• Practice Migration: Set up a sample MySQL database and perform a migration to PostgreSQL.
• Explore Differences: Create a document highlighting specific differences you've encountered during migration.
• Use Alternative Tools: Try using other migration tools like AWS Database Migration Service or SQL Workbench/J for additional practice.

Next Steps and Further Learning

• Dive deeper into PostgreSQL's advanced features such as Partitioning, Window Functions, and CTEs.
• Explore optimization techniques for PostgreSQL, including indexing strategies and query optimization.
• Consider contributing to open-source migration tools or documentation to enhance your skills further.